In Wolford, Hawaii Relies on the Black Codes

By Stephen P. Halbrook
The Volokh Conspiracy
November 21, 2025

I have filed an amicus curiae brief in Wolford v. Lopez, which is pending in the Supreme Court, on behalf of the National African American Gun Association. As explained in my previous post, the issue is whether the Ninth Circuit erred in holding that Hawaii may prohibit the carrying of handguns by permit holders on private property open to the public unless the property owner affirmatively gives express permission.

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“In Wolford, Hawaii Relies on the Black Codes,” The Volokh Conspiracy, November 21, 2025.